The following is my notes of GENUS training course on Cadence’s training module

Module 03: genus fundamentals

common UI vs legacy mode

• unified commands with Tempus
• common us: set_db & get_db
• legacy mode: set_attribute & get_attribute
  • .synth_init file: setup info, auto load when start legacy UI, can be skipped with -no_custom command line option

explore design hier in legacy UI

• virtual directory structure
  • /: root dir
    • designs
      • top_module
        • instances_hier: current module’s hier instances
        • instances_seq: current module’s sequential instances
        • instances_cmb: current module’s combinational instancs
    • libraries
    • hdl_libraries
    • flows
  • use find to locate objects
    • ex. find all the pins find /designs/* -pin *
  • use ls + cd to navigate through this virtual directory structure
    • even rm, mv, pushd, popd
    • report all related attributes associated for all the pins: ls -la [find /designs/* -pin *]
• navigate UNIX disk
  • lpwd, lcd, lls

attributes

• set_attribute <attr_name> <value> <object>
• get_attribute <attr_name> <object>
  • works on single object only
• get help
  • get_attribute -h <attr_name> [<object_type>]
    • get help on attribute
    • <attr_name> can include wildcards
  • set_attribute -h: reports writable attr
• attr are dependent on the stage of synthesis flow

input and output

• input: RTL + constraint + library + power intent + physical
• output: netlist + LEC dofile + ATPG, scanDEF + constraints + physical design input files

template script

• write_template

flow

1. setup libraries

• set_attribute init_lib_search_path <path> /
• set_attribute library $ls_lib
• library domain for low-power design (if not included in CPF)
  • create_library_domain {lib_domain1 lib_domain2}
  • set_attribute library $ls_lib1 lib_domain1 power_domain1
• dont use
  • set_attribute avoid <1/0> <cell_names>
  • or use set_dont_use <cell_names>
• (optional) setup physical layout estimation (PLE)
  • dynamically calculates wire delays for different logic structures
  • vs Genus-Physical
    • floorplan DEF is optional
  • set_attribute lef_library <lef_header>
  • set_attribute qrc_tech_file <qrc_tech_file_path>
  • set_attribute interconnect_mode ple

2. read HDL

• set_attr init_hdl_search_path <path> /
• read_hdl

3. elaborate

• what
  • build data structure, infer registers
  • high-level HDL opt, remove dead code
  • identify clock gating candidates
  • overwrite parameters for diff modules
• elaborate
  • after elaboration, the /designs is populated
• check_design -all
  • must: unresolved references

4. read constraints

• read_sdc (preferred)
• echo $::dc::sdc_failed_commands > failed.sdc
• check_timing_intent -verbose
  • check failed commands and errors

5. opt directives

• preserve instances and subdesign (dont touch)
  • set_attr preserve <option> (more options than set_dont_touch)
    • false/true
    • delete_ok
    • const_prop_delete_ok
    • const_prop_size_delete_ok
    • size_ok
    • map_size_ok
    • size_delete_ok
• grouping/ungrouping hierarchy
  • group -group_name <name> <ls_inst>
  • ungroup <hier>
  • disable ungrouping by set_attr ungroup_ok false <inst>
• boundary opt (default performed)
  • disable by set_attr boundary_opto false <sub_design>
  • use dynamic hierarchical check to verify boundary opt in conformal LEC
• opt sequential logic (default performed)
  • remove unused flops that is not driving an output port
  • disable by
    • set_attr hdl_preserve_unused_register true /
    • set_attr delete_unloaded_seqs false /
    • set_attr optimize_constant_0_flops false /
    • set_attr optimize_constant_1_flops false /
  • same thing to combinational logic that drives unloaded hier pins
    • disable by set_attr prune_unused_logic false <pins>
• merge sequential logic (default performed)
  • combine flops and latches that are equivalent in the same hierarchy
  • disable by
    • set_attr optimize_merge_flops false /
    • set_attr optimize_merge_latches false /
    • set_attr optimize_merge_seq false <inst>
• multibit cell inference (MBCI)
  • flops/tri-state cell/MUX/inverters/…
  • share clock to reduce power/improve reliability
  • LEC support
  • can control naming style (for verification)
  • set_attr use_multibit_cells true
• other opt
  • opt async reset logic
    • set_attr time_recovery_arcs true /
  • auto ungrouping
    • set_attr auto_ungroup {none | both}
  • keep the synchronous feedback logic immediately in front of the sequential elements (?)
    • set_attr hdl_ff_keep_feedback
    • affect how enable logic of a flop is implemented
  • opt TNS other than WNS
    • set_attr tns_opto true /

6. synthesis

• 1st level: syn_generic <-physical>
  • tech independent RTL opt
    • can skip for netlist-to-netlist synthesis
  • set_attr syn_generic_effort
    • medium by default
• 2nd level: syn_map <-physical>
  • mapping to lib, and logic opt
    • initial structuring
      • constant propagation, clock gating
      • structuring for best delay
    • target info
      • estimate timing
    • global mapping
      • mapping to meet target
    • global incremental
      • net/drive opt
      • timing tuning
  • set_attr syn_map_effort
    • high by default
  • check the slack, if too negative, check the constraint/design
• 3rd level: syn_opt <-physical> <-spatial> <-incr>
  • opt gates
    • fix drc, cleanup area, cleanup timing
  • set_attr syn_opt_effort
    • high by default
• global effort
  • set_attr syn_global_effort
  • set to express while explore flow
    • accept not clean design

7. analyze and report

• after elaboration
  • check_design unresolved
• constraint
  • check_timing_intent
  • use Conformal Constraint Designer (CCD) tool to validate timing constraint
    • write_to_ccd validate -sdc > dofile generate dofile used in CCD
• check preserve attributes, remove those that are not needed
• ungrouping small blocks can improve timing/area
• reports
  • report_area
  • report_dp (datapath)
  • report_design_rules (drc)
  • report_messages
  • report_power
  • report_qor
  • report_timing
  • report_summary
• from GUI
  • timing -> timing lint: gives a thorough

8. gen outputs

• write_hdl > filename
• write_sdc > filename
• write_design -innovus

command help

• setenv MANPATH $CDN_SYNTH_ROOT/share/synth/man to view man pages from UNIX shell

Module 04: datapath

datapath info in virtual file system

• /hdl_libraries/
  • /hdl_libraries/CW (chipware)
  • /hdl_libraries/DW (designware)

datapath operation

• architecture selection
• sharing and speculation (unsharing)
• carry-save arithmetic (CSA)
• …

datapath directives

• CSA
  • set_attr dp_csa {inherited|basic|none} <design>
• sharing and speculation
  • sharing: improve area
  • set_attr dp_sharing
  • set_attr dp_speculation
• arch selection
  • manually control datapath arch selection (not recommended)
    • set_attr user_speed_grade [find /designs* -subdesign <name>] while speed can be ver_fast|fast|medium|slow|very_slow
• reordering (reorder input to opt critical path)
• ChipWare (CW)
  • also maps DesignWare components in RTL to CW

opt in syn_generic

• constant propagation
• resource sharing
• logic speculation
• MUX opt
• CSA opt
• datapath rewriting
  • QoR driven RTL code rewrite
  • by default during syn_generic with high effort level
  • no LEC impact
  • ex.

assign p = a - b;
assign q = a + b;
assign y = s ? p : q;

# better timing, smaller area
assign t = {16{s}} ^ b;
assign y = a + t + s;

report

• set_attr hdl_track_filename_row_col true / before read_hdl
• report_dp after every stages: elaboration/syn_gen/syn_map/syn_opt to track datapath components changes

Module 05: debug design scenarios

problem with sdc

• check the log file for errors and warnings
• check constraint consistency by check_timing_intent -verbose before synthesis

path grouping

• cost group: opt cost groups simultaneously according to their weight, to minimize their WNS for each group
• path group -> cost group

tighten/relax constraint

• emphasize some paths in opt without impacting output SDC
• path_adjust -from <obj> -to <obj> -delay <delta_slack_ps>
  • if delta_slack_ps < 0, tighten the path
  • if delta_slack_ps > 0, loosen the path
• use rm [find /des* -exceptions pa_*] before report timing to get normal timing reports
  • the adjustment will be in the timing report if not removed

bottom-up design flow

• promote submodule
  • create_derived_design promote submodule to top-level module

Module 06: physical synthesis

why?

• for synthesis: all wires of fanout=n are the same
• for physical: each wire is unique
  • 80% to 90% of wires are local, the rest are big problems
• old tricks don’t work: over-constraint

how?

• incremental congestion prevetion
• structural datapath
• physical aware clock gating/logic structuring/mapping
• use floorplan as bridge to close pre and post layout gap
  • def file: must define die size; macro locations, fences/guides/regions are better to have (impact timing)
• genus vs innovus: 5% timing & wirelength diff

spatial flow

• if backend is going to run full place_opt, instead of place_opt -incr with genus-physical outputs as inputs, then no need to waste time on the final syn_opt stage
• use syn_opt -spatial instead of syn_opt -physical

PAM (physical-aware mapping) & PAS (physical-aware structuring)

• automatically turned on with -physical

useful attributes

• invs_enable_useful_skew
• phys_ignore_nets
• pqos_ignore_msv
  • whether to pass lib or power domain info to INVS
• invs_user_constraint_file
  • sourced during INVS session
  • invs_preload_script & invs_postload_script & invs_preexport_script
• number_of_routing_layers
  • important to have
• invs_pre_place_opt
• pqos_placement_effort
  • congestion effort
• invs_gzip_interface_file
• invs_temp_dir

correlation between genus-phys and invs

• ensure NDR and layer-promotion info is passed to innvous
• assure wirelength has good correlation

early stage physical analysis

• at generic physical synthesis stage
• why?
  • analyze hier
  • hard macro locations
  • floor plan constraints
  • timing debug with gui

check placement legality

• check_placement

edit floorplan in Genus GUI

• go into edit mode

report

• write_report
  • wrote QoS statistics
• report_summary
  • write summary table
• write_snapshot
  • design database and reports

FAQ

• recommended flow
  • after synthesis with physical, write_design -innovus
  • then in innovus load the output data, and place_opt_design -incr
• what is under the hood of syn_opt -phy?
  • it calls place_opt -phy_syn in INVS, and load back the result and do low effort TNS/WNS opt
  • so the engine is the same between genus-phy and invs
• is it possible to do CTS in genus?
  • No. but simple CTS will be enabled in coming versions

debug with common ui

• timing debug
  • timing -> debug timing
  • diff path groups histogram
  • highlight violating path

Module 07: low power opt

• low power opt impacts timing a lot
  • trade-off

flow

• enable clock gating
• annotate switching activities with TCF/SAIF/VCD
• apply clock-gating directives
• apply leakage/dynamic power constraints
• synthesis with clock gating insertion/power opt
• analyze

multi-Vth lib

• low VT on timing critical path, high VT on non-critical path

clock gating

• set attr lp_insert_clock_taing true /
• specify clock gating cell
  • customied: lp_clock_gating_module attr
  • select from library: lp_clock_gating_cell attr
• disable clock gating: lp_clock_gating_exclude
• control fanout of CGC: lp_clock_gating_*_flops
• common enable: lp_clock_gating_extract_common_enable
• clock gating for sync reset

backannotate switching activity

• read_tcf (toggle count format)
• read_saif (converted to TCF internally)
• read_vcd
• manipulate activity with lp_toggle_* attr

Joules: RTL power estimation

effort

• leakage_power_effort attr
  • {none | low | high}
• disable leakage power opt
  • max_leakage_power must not be set while leakge_power_effort set to none
• dynamic vs leakage
  • lp_power_optimization_weight attr: power = weight * leakage + (1 - weight) * dynamic
    • normally, weight is close to 1
  • POPT-501

report

• report_clock_gating
• report_power
• get power-related info
  • lp_internal/leakage/net_power
  • lp_default_toggle_rate
  • lp_default_probability

useful attr

• lp_clock_gating_exceptions_aware
• declone/share/split/merge_clock_gate

Module 08: design for test

flow

• setup DFT rule, and check
  • shift enable
  • test mode
  • prevent scan mapping of flops
  • internal clock as test clock
  • DFT controllable constraints
  • abstract scan segment
• add test logic
  • insert test point
  • insert shadow logic
• synthesis
• setup DFT config, and preview scan chains
  • scan chain: number, length
  • control data lockup elements
• connect scan chains
• incremental opt

DFT in virtual file structure

• /designs/dft

DFT constraint

• 2 scan styles: controlled by dft_scan_style attr

1. muxed style (muxed_scan) (most commonly used)
2. clocked LSSD (clocked_lssd_scan) (1 system clock, and 2 scan clocks)

• define shift enable signal
  • for muxed style: define_shift_enable
    • default one for common usage, or each chain has its own enable signal
  • for LSSD style: define_lssd_scan_clock_a/b
• define test mode signal: define_test_mode
  • put circuit in test mode so that gated clocks are all activated
• define test clock domains: define_test_clock -name <name> -domain <domain> <pin_name>
  • due to unbalanced clock tree, create separate test clock domains to prevent timing issues
  • lock-up latches (auto added) for crossing test clocks in the same domain, if more than 1 test clocks are defined in one domain
  • by default, in the same test clock domain use the same clock edge (controlled by dft_mix_clock_edges_in_scan_chain attr)
• define scan segment
  • define_scan_abstract/fixed/floating/preserved_segment
  • define_scan_shift_register_segment
  • define_jtag_boundary_scan_segment
• preserve nonscan flops
  • set dft_scan_map_mode attr to preserve
  • set dft_dont_scan attr to true
• control the length and number
  • by default, no max length for scan chain
  • dft_min_number_of_scan_chains
  • dft_max_length_of_scan_chains

DFT rule check

• uncontrollable clock nets
• uncontrollable async set/reset nets
• conflicting clock and async set/reset net
• shift register rules
• abstract segment rules
• check_dft_rules
• fix_dft_violations (only for muxed style)
• check_atpg_rules
  • only generate script for Modus ATPG rule checker
• check_design
• analyze_atpg_testability
  • run Modus

add DFT logic

• insert_dft *
• identify shift register to save area (auto done)
  • cmd = identify_shift_register_scan_segments
• mapping to scan in a already mapped netlist
  • set_scan_equivalent: one-to-one correspondence between non-scan and scan flop lib cells
  • replace_scan

connect scan chains

• connect_scan_chains

report and output

• report_scan_chains
• report_scan_setup
• write_scandef
• write_dft_atpg*: interface to ATPG tool
• write_dft_abstract_model

bottom-up scan flow

• block level
  • create block level chains
  • write_hdl -abstract
  • write_dft_abstract_model
• top level
  • read_dft_abstract_model
  • connect_scan_chains

Module 09: LEC

guidance to address formal verification challenge

• challenges
  • datapath arch
  • ungrouping: no manual random ungrouping
  • boundary opt
  • phase inversion
• long run-time, werid mismatch

recommended 2-step verification

• 1st-step: synthesis with preserved datapath modules/hier, restrict certain opt, min ungrouping, and output intermediate gate netlist
• 2nd-step: incremental synthesis with additional opt and ungrouping, and output final gate netlist
• compare: RTL vs intermediate netlist, then intermediate netlist vs final netlist

cmd

• write_lec_script -revised_design inter.v
• write_lec_script -revised_design final.v -golden_design inter.v

attr affects formal verification

• datapath: dp_*
• boundary opt
• ungrouping
• retime
• wlec_*

in LEC

• analyze datapath: to analyze datapath modules
• analyze abort -compare -thread 4: multithreading abort resolving
• module-level datapath analysis (MDP)
  • improve quality
  • analyze datapath -module xxx

Module 10: interface

netlist

• possible modifications
  • bit blasted port/constants
    • set_attr write_vlog_bit_blast_mapped_ports true / and set_attr bit_blasted_port_style %s_%d /
  • name changing: update_names cmd
  • loop breaker: break comb feedback loops
  • remove assign statement (not needed in INVS)
    • set_attr remove_assigns true /

Appendix

retiming

• set_attr retime true [find / -subd xxx]
• retime -prepare -min_delay -effort high [find / -subd xxx] before syn_gen

advanced low-power flow

• CPF
• MSMV

common ui

• attr
  • set attr: set_db <attr_name> <value> <object>
  • query attr: get_db <attr_name> <object>
  • help *clock* -attribute
• virtual directory structure
  • vcd
  • vls
  • rename_obj
  • vpopd
  • vpushd
  • delete_obj
  • vfind
• examples
  • find all designs: get_db .designs
  • find all comb leaf inst under current directory: get_db . .insts -if .is_comb
  • find all inst of a certain cell type: get_db insts -if {.base_cell.name == DFFX1}
  • calc leakage power of a hier: expr [join [get_db hinst:CORE/ALU .insts.leakage_power] +]
  • fanout histogram

set tot [llength [get_db nets]]
for {set i 0} {$i <= 100} {incr i 5} {
    set n [llength [get_db nets -if ".num_loads>$i && .num_loads<[expr {$i+5}]"]]
    puts [string report "#" [expr $n * 100 / $tot]]
}

- find all pins: `vls -la [vfind /designs/* -pin *]`

• MMMC setup flow
  • read_mmmc
  • read_physical -lef
  • read_hdl
  • elab
  • read_def
  • read_power_intent
  • init_design -skip_sdc_read
  • syn_gen/map/opt

clipper flow

• block level physical synthesis <-> unit level physical synthesis
  • unit level cannot understand block level’s congestion and physical context issues
  • so pass timing/physical context DEF and constraint from block level to unit level
• CMD
  • create_clip at higher level
    • block boundary must be preserved (remember, genus is very aggressive about optimizing)
  • read_clip at lower level

Advanced Synthesis